Name

Vachellia macracantha (Humboldt & Bonpland ex Willdenow) Seigler & Ebinger, Phytologia 87:160. 2005.
syn. Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. pl. 4:1080. 1806.

Synonymy and types

Basionym: Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Sp. pl. 4:1080. 1806. - Poponax macracantha (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Killip in Little, Caribbean Forester 9:241. 1948. - Mimosa macracantha (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1:78. 1810. - TYPE: MEXICO. without exact locality, Humboldt & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: B-Willd., GH photo; isotypes: P, NY).

Vachillea lutea (Miller) Speg., Bol. Acad. Nac. Ci. Córdoba 26:301. 1923. - Mimosa lutea Mill., Gard. dict. ed. 8, 1768. - Acacia lutea (Mill.) Britton, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 16:327. 1889. - Poponax lutea (Mill.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23:90. 1928. - TYPE: JAMAICA, 1731 W.Houstoun s.n. (holotype: BM; isotype: K).  NOTE: Not Acacia lutea Leavenworth (1824) which is a synonym of Neptunea lutea (Leavenw.) Benth. (Correll and Johnston 1970).
 
Acacia flexuosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. pl. 4:1082. 1806. - Mimosa flexuosa (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1:79. 1810. - Poponax flexuosa (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Britton & Rose in Britton & Killip, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 35:139. 1936. - TYPE: VENEZUELA. CUMANÁ; Humboldt & Bonpland 81 (holotype: B-Willd.; isotypes:  HAL, P).

Acacia flexuosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.   ambigua DC., Prodr. 2:463. 1825. - TYPE: GUADELOUPE. C.G.Bertero s.n. (holotype: G-DC).

Acacia flexuosa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.   lasiocarpa Griseb., Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 7:211. 1857. - TYPE: none cited, from Guadeloupe.

Acacia obtusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. pl. 4:1087. 1806. - Mimosa obtusa (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Suppl. 1:82. 1810. - TYPE: VENEZUELA. ORINOCO: Humbold & Bonpland s.n. (holotype: P-H.B.K.; isotype: B-Willd.).

Acacia punctata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. pl. 4:1084. 1806. - TYPE: in America meridionali, Humboldt & Bonpland 1162 (holotype: B-Willd.).

Acacia humboldtii Desv. in W. Ham., Prodr. Pl. Ind. Occid. 60. 1825. - TYPE: none cited, from Guyana.

Acacia macracanthoides Bertero ex DC., Prod. 2:463. 1825. - Poponax macracanthoides (Bertero ex DC.) Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23:89. 1928. - TYPE: JAMAICA. C.G.Bertero s.n. (holotype: G-DC).

Acacia subinermis Bertero ex DC., Prodr. 2:463. 1825. - TYPE: JAMAICA. C.G.Bertero s.n. (holotype; G-DC, MO photo).

Acacia microcephala Macfad., Fl. Jamaica 1:316. 1837. - TYPE: JAMAICA. at bridge beyond the second milestone on the windward road, J.Macfadyen s.n. (holotype: K). NOTE: Not Acacia microcephala Richard (1845) which has prickles and is considered a synonym of Acacia tenuifolia (L.) Willd. by Howard (1988).

Acacia platyacantha Schltdl., Linnaea 12:565. 1838. - TYPE: MEXICA. HIDALGO: Mineral del Monte, C.A.Ehrenberg s.n. (holotype: B, destroyed).

Acacia pellacantha Vogel in Meyen, Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 19. Suppl. 1:45. 1843. - TYPE: PERU. Lima, Dombey, F.J.F.Meyen & Cuming1013. (holotype: not seen).

Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. var. glabrescens Griseb., Fl. Brit. W. I. 222. 1860. - TYPE: JAMAICA. in dry plains, Mar, J.Macfadyen s.n. (holotype: K).

Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. var. glabra Kitanov, Ann. Univ. Sofia Fac. Biol. 66(2):31. 1974. - TYPE: CUBA. ORIENTE: sur de Guantánamo en Novaliches, 30 Jun. 1936, Hno. León s.n.; Cuba, Prov. Oriente, Santiago de Cuba-Caney, bordes del mar en Arroyo de la Costa, 9 Sep. 1951, M.López Figueiras s.n. (syntypes: SV).
  
Mimosa atomaria Poir. in Lam., Encylc. Suppl. 1:81. 1810..-  TYPE: none cited.
 
Poponax cowellii Britton & Rose, N. Amer. Fl. 23:89. 1928. - Acacia cowellii (Britton & Rose) León in León & Alain, Contr. Ocas. Mus. Hist. Nat. Colegio "De La Salle" 9:8. 1950. - TYPE: CUBA. ORIENTE: tree 5 m with spreading branches, hillside thicket, vicinity of Santiago, 10-25 Mar. 1912, N.L.Britton, E.G.Britton & J.F.Cowell 12593 (holotype: NY).

Poponax cansecens Britton ex Britton & Killip, Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 35:139. 1936. - Acacia canescens (Britton ex Britton & Killip) García-Barriga & Forero-Gonzáles, Cat. Il. Pl. Cundinamarca 3:19. 1968. - TYPE: COLOMBIA. CUNDINAMARCA: Anapoima,  alt. 400 m, 1851-1857, J.Triana 4439 (holotype: NY). NOTE: Not Acacia canescens Martens & Galeotti (1843), a member of the genus Senegalia.

Formal description

Small tree to 10 m tall. Bark dark gray to dark brown, shallowly furrowed. Twigs light brown to reddish brown, flexuous, glabrous to densely puberulent to lanate. Short shoots usually absent, rarely poorly developed. Leaves alternate, 70-250 mm long. Stipular spines reddish brown to purplish, becoming light gray with age, symmetrical, terete to oval, straight, stout, to 60(80) mm x 1-3 mm near the base, glabrous to pubescent at the base and sometimes throughout. Petiole adaxially grooved, 5-13 mm long, glabrous to puberulent to sometimes lanate; petiolar gland solitary, located medially to just below the lower pinna pair, stalked, circular to elongated, 0.4-2.3 mm across, with a flat to globose apex, mostly glabrous. Rachis adaxially grooved, 60-240 mm long, glabrous to densely puberulent to lanate, a sessile, circular gland, 0.4-0.6 mm across, between the upper 1 to 3(8) pinna pairs. Pinnae 12 to 45 pairs per leaf, 20-45 mm long, 2-8 mm between pinna pairs. Petiolules 0.7-1.3 mm long. Leaflets 19 to 47 pairs per pinna, opposite, 0.5-1.2 mm between leaflets, linear, 1.7-4.5 x 0.5-1.3 mm, glabrous to lightly pubescent, lateral veins not obvious, only one vein from the base, base oblique, margins ciliate, apex broadly acute to obtuse. Inflorescence a densely flowered globose head 5-10 mm across, solitary or in clusters of 2 to 10 in the leaf axil. Peduncles 7-25 x 0.4-1.3 mm, glabrous to densely puberulent to lanate. Involucre 4- to 6-lobed, located at the base of the globose head, puberulent, persistent. Floral bracts spatulate, 0.8-1.4 mm long, apex puberulent, deciduous. Flowers sessile, pale yellow; calyx 5-lobed, 0.8-1.5 mm long, glabrous, the lobes sometimes puberulent; corolla 5-lobed, 1.6-2.6 mm long, glabrous, the lobes sometimes puberulent; stamen filaments 2.5-4.0 mm long, distinct; ovary glabrous to densely pubescent, on a stipe to 0.2 mm long. Legumes light brown to reddish brown, straight, flattened to slightly elliptic in cross section, not constricted between the seeds, oblong, 65-130 x 8-13 mm, coriaceous, reticulately striate, glabrous to densely puberulent, eglandular or covered with numerous very small reddish glands, indehiscent; stipe to 2 mm long; apex acute to obtuse. Seeds uniseriate, imbedded in a light brown pulpy material, brown, oblong to elliptic to oval, slightly flattened, 5.0-6.5 x 3.6-5.3 mm, smooth; pleurogram U-shaped to nearly oval, 2.5-4.0 mm across. Flowers from May to January. Chromosome number: Not determined.

Distribution

Shrubby vegetation, successional fields, edge of roads, thorn-scrub forests, dry forests, savannas, dry deciduous forests from sea level to 1700 m throughout northern and western South America from Venezuela to Peru.  Also known from the subtropical and tropical regions of North and Central America and the Caribbean Islands (Seigler & Ebinger 1988).

Additional info

Throughout its geographic range Vachellia macracantha is highly variable morphologically, numerous varietal and specific names have been applied to plants of this species (Bentham 1875, Isely 1973, Madsen 1990, Seigler and Ebinger 1988). This taxon is highly variable in the type and degree of pubescence on vegetative parts of the plant, ranging from glabrous to puberulent in most of Mexico and northern South America, to densely pubescent in the Caribbean Islands, to densely lanate throughout much of Chile, Ecuador and Peru. Also, leaf and leaflet size varies extensively.

Throughout northern South America (Columbia and Venezuela), and north through Central America, most individuals have leaves with 18 to 45 pinna pairs and the leaflets that exceed 3.0 mm in length; whereas is Chile, Ecuador and Peru many individuals have smaller leaves (12-20 pinna pairs) and leaflets (1.7-2.5 mm long). These characteristics are not consistent enough to distinguish separate varieties or subspecies, as many individuals with intermediate characteristics being encountered. Aronson (1991), while discussing the distribution of this species in Chile, mentioned that the "variability in size and shape of the pods, leaves, and stipular spines of V. macracantha has led to its being split into numerous regional taxa, many of which appear to be of dubious merit."

Vachellia macracantha specimens are usually cyanogenic.  In specimens from Mexico and Central America, Seigler and Ebinger (1988) found 89% were cyanogenic. Of the 230 specimens examined from South America, 91% tested positive for cyanide, usually strongly so. The compound proacacipetalin is responsible for this activity (Seigler et al. 1978, Seigler and Conn 1982).

Vachellia macracantha occasionally hybridizes with V. cochliacantha based on studies by Brimer et al. (1987). Also, Ebinger and Seigler (1987) found that this taxon hybridizes with V. pennatula, particularly in pastures and other disturbed habitats in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Janzen (1974) suggested that V. macracantha may occasionally hybridized with various species of ant-acacia, particularly V. chiapensis. Ebinger and Seigler (1992) and Seigler and Ebinger (1995) reported that other taxa of the V. macracantha group hybridized with various ant-acacia species, but found no ant-acacia/V. macracantha hybrids.

Flowering time

May-January.

Representative specimens

WEST INDIES AND BAHAMA ISLANDS:

ANGUILLA:

• back of lagoon at Road Bay, 14 Jan 1959, G.R.Proctor 18774 (LL);

ANTIGUA:

• about 1.5 miles NE of Bolands and 5 miles S of St. Johns, 8-9 Jul 1964, R.L.Wilbur & E.L.Dunn 7283 (MICH);

BARBADOS:

• Jul 1940, E.E.Gooding 490 (BM);

BAHAMA ISLANDS:

Great Inagua:

• in coppice just E of Matthew Town, 5 Mar 1974, D.S.Correll 41814 (LL);
• just E of Matthew Town, 5 Mar 1974, D.S.Correll 41845 (MO);
• near lighthouse at SW Point about 1.5 miles from Mathew Town, 5 Jul 1963, H.E.Hackett 162 (LL, TEX);

CUBA:

Prov. Oriente:

• behind Morro Castle, Santiago, Jul 1941, R.A.Howard 5767 (US);
• San Juan Hill, 21 Mar 1912, J.A.Shafer 12405 (MO);

Prov. Granma:

• just S of Manzanilla, sea level, 12 Jul 1985, A.Gentry 51005 (MO);

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC:

Prov. Altagracia:

• about 2 km SW of Boca de Yuma, alt. 10 m, 4 Feb 1981, T.Zanoni, M.Mejía & C.Ramírez 10640 (MO);

Prov. Azua:

• 17 km E of Azua on rt. 2, alt. 50 m, 14 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke & R.García 27 (EIU);
• a 12 km del puente sobre el Río Tabara, alt. 120 m, 11 Feb 1984, R.García, N.Alba & E.Garcia 14 (MO);
• 35 km E de Azua en la carretera a Bonao, alt. 100 m, 22 Feb 1983, T.Zanoni & J.Pimentel 25519 (MO);

Prov. Barahona:

• trail between Pedernales and Aceitial, sea level, 8-12 Aug 1946, R.A.Howard & E.S.Howard 8105 (NY, US);
• Cabo Rojo, Pedernales, Feb 1971, F.Votava & A.H.Liogier 63 (MO);
• Cabo Rojo, Pedernales, Feb 1971, F.Votava & A.H.Liogier 77 (MO);

Prov. Monte Cristi:

• Guayubin, alt. 100 m, 13-21 Feb 1921, W.L.Abbott 436 (US);
• Hatillo Palma on Carretera Duarte, alt. 70 m, 17 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke & F.Jímenez 47 (EIU);
• 3 km N of Villa Elisa on road to Agua de palma, alt. 100 m, 17 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke & F.Jímenez 48 (EIU);

Prov. Pedernales:

• 7 km S of Manuel Goya on path leading to beach, 15 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke & R.García 30 (EIU);
• Mina Las Mercedes de Alcoa Exploration Co., alt. 400-420 m, 15 Apr 1987, T.Zanoni, R.A.Howard & E.S.Howard 39055 (MO);

Prov. Peravia:

• 5 km E of border with Azua Prov on rt. 2, alt. 100 m, 14 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke & R.Garcia 26 (EIU);
• 24 km N of San Jose de Ocoa, alt. 1050 m, 11 Aug 1989, C.L.Jones & T.Zanoni 81 (MO);
• 26 km N of Cabo Rojo, alt. 730 m, 25 Sep 1991. S.A.Thompson, J.E.Rawlins, C.W.Young & R.L.Davidson 9120 (EIU);

Prov. Santiago:

• 1 km S of Santiago on Carretera Duarte, alt. 180 m, 17 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke & F. Jímenez 41 (EIU):
• 10 km S of Santiago on Carretera Duarte, alt. 150 m, 17 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke & F. Jímenez 44 (EIU):
• El Castillo, Rincon Largo, alt. 200 m, 28 Jul 1968, J.Jímenez 5525 (US);

Prov. Valverde:

• 8 km SE of Laguna Salada on road to Santiago, alt. 60 m, 18 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke & F.Jímenez 57 (EIU);

Unknown:

• Talara, 17 Mar 1922, H.von Schrenk 8 (MO);
• Curnas Valley, 22 Mar 1922, H.von Schrenk 49 (MO);

GRENADA:

• 28 Oct 1904, W.E.Broadway s.n. (A, NY);

HAITI:

• Montagnis du Trau d'Eau, 18 Jul 1924, E.L.Ekman 968 (NY);
• vicinity of Gros Morne, alt. 235 m, 18 Feb 1926, E.C.Leonard 9966 (MO);
• 18 km E de Mole St. Nicolas en la carretera costera a Jean Rabel, 20 Jan 1984, T.Zanoni, J.Pimentel & R.García 28434 (MO);

JAMAICA:

• N end of Long Mountain, just E of Kingston, 11 Jun 1963, M.R.Crosby, H.A.Hespenheide & W.R.Anderson 105 (F, LL, MICH, MO, NY);
• Kingston, Jul 1936, H.J.Fuller 35 (ILL, WIS);
• 1.5 miles SSW of Lucky Valley, Parish St. Andrew, alt. 700 m, 23 Feb 1957, G.R.Proctor 16171 (MO);
• about 1 mile E of Mona, 16 Oct 1957, T.G.Yuncker 17095 (MICH);
• Andrews, slope of Long Mt., 28 Oct 1957, T.G.Yuncker 17202 (MICH);

PUERTO RICO:

• Vieques Island, beach at Isabel II, 26 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke 82 (EIU);
• Vieques Island, beach at Isabel II, 26 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke 83 (EIU);
• Vieques Island, beach 1/4 mile E of Isabel II, 26 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke 84 (EIU);
• Vieques Island, beach 1/2 mile E of Isabel II, 26 Jul 1988, H.D.Clarke 85 (EIU);
• Culebrita, Nov 1970, R.O.Woodbury s.n. (MO);

VIRGIN ISLANDS (US);

St. Croix:

• Scenic Road, W half of Island, alt. 500 ft., Jan 1972, C.Multer 16 (MO, RSA, US);
• Canaan Ridge, Scenic road, alt. 500 ft., Jan 1972, C.Multer 20 (RSA, US);
• Sandy Point Rd., W half of island, alt. 10 ft., Jan 1972, C.Multer 31 (MO, RSA, US);
• Sandy River beach, 23 Jul 1896, A.E.Ricksecker 486 (MO);

St. John:

• area surrounding Viers, alt. 0-10 m, 22 Jan 1989, P.Acevedo R. 2752 (MO);
• Reef Bay Quarter, alt. 30 m, 10 Jan 1991, P.Acevedo R. & A.Siaca 3915 (MO);

St. Thomas:

• Yallahs, alt. 30 m, 16 Jun 1952, J.Arague-Molina & F.A.Barkley s.n. (MICH);
• SW corner of Island, campus of College of the Virgin Islands, 30 Jul 1972, E.Sundell & M.Sundell 26 (ASU);

TORTOLA:

• Road Town, sea level, 28 Jul 1944, J.S.Beard 340 (MO);
• Cox heath, sea level, 15 Oct 1965, W.G.D'Arcy 286A (MO);

TRINIDAD:

• Woodbrook, 29 Oct 1923, D.E.Broadway 5043 (MO);
• Queen's Park, 12 Sep 1932, D.E.Broadway 9006 (MO);
• 5 miles SW of San Fernando along the Southern main road, sea level, 6 Aug 1970, G.Davidse 2576 (MO);

TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS:

Grand Turk:

• Cockburn Town, 18 Dec 1975, D.S.Correll 46477 (MO);

NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA:

UNITED SATES:

Florida:

Dade Co.:

• Fairchild Tropical Garden, cultivated, 6 Feb 1996, J.B.Walker & N.Yakimo V. 1832 (NY);

Monroe Co.:

• Key Vaca, across highway from Crane property, 18 Mar 1952, E.P.Killip & A.Koto 42009 (NY, US);
• Key Vaca, near Cane Estate, 20 Jan 1954, E.P.Killip & G.Bonney 43440 (US);

Polk Co.:

• Lake Alfred, 17 Aug 1931, J.B.McFarlin 6536 (MICH);

HONDURAS:

Choluteca:

• 22.6 miles NE of Choluteca, alt. 1000 m, 15 Jan 1965, D.H.Janzen 736 (EIU);
• near Suyapa, alt. 1200 m, 23 Nov-14 Dec 1946, P.C.Standley & L.O.Williams 1406 (F);

MEXICO:

Campeche:

• 30 km E of Campeche on hwy. 261, 5 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11604 (ILL);
• 1 mile N of Champoton Bridge on hwy. 261, 5 Jun 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11605 (ILL);

Chiapas:

• 11.5 km NW of Río de Oro, alt. 1000 m, 23 May 1985, W.Thomas & J.L.Villaseñor 3620 (NY);

Colima:

• 3 miles W of Armeria, 23 Jul 1975, D.S.Seigler & G.Holstein 9579 (ILL);
• 2 miles E of Armeria on hwy. 110, 23 May 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11536 (ILL);
• 8 miles NE of Armeria on hwy. 110, 23 May 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11538 (ILL);
• Rancho El Jabali, 22 km NNW of Colima, alt. 1200 m, 8 Feb 1991, L.Vázquez V. 473 (MO);

Guererro:

• SE of Acahuizotla, alt. 2800 ft., 4 Jun 1954, H.A.Floyed & C.L.Ryan 97 (MICH, TEX);
• a 12 km de Zihuatanejo, rumbo a Ixtla, 2 Feb 1977, M.T.Germán, L.Sheinvar & M.Benavid 263 (MO);
• Isle de la Piedra by Mazatlán, 4 Jan 1980, L.Kirkendall 104 (MICH);
• 9.1 miles SW of Vallecitos de Zaragoza on hwy. 200, 19 Jun 1983, N.A.Murray & D.M.Johnson 1443 (MICH);
• 29 km E of tollroad to Mexico and the hwy. to Pinotepa Nacional, 17 Jul 1993, D.S.Seigler, H.D.Clarke & K.Potgieter 13917 (EIU);
• near airport at Acapulco, 28 May 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11555 (ILL);
• 15 km al NE de Zihuatanejo, alt. 70 m, 21 May 1983, P.Tenorio L., E.Martine S. & C.Romero De T. 375 (MEXU, MO);
• 4 km al W de la desviación a Chichihualco, la desviación esta a 1.5 km al N de Chilpancingo, alt. 1390 m, 24 Aug 1982, R.Torres C., P.Tenorio L. & C.Romero T. 1200 (ILL);

Jalisco:

• E end of the Sierra de Manantlan in the pass between Cerro Grande and Cerro en Medio, 4.5 km SW of Sn Pedro Toxín, alt. 1290 m, 14 Jan 1990, T.S.Cochrane, A.Vázquez G. & L.Hernándrez L. 12274 (WIS);
• 2 km al SE de Laguillas a Ayotitlan, alt. 880 m, 1 Jul 1990, D.De Niz, J.Cevallos, A.L.Cárdenas & L.Robles 171 (WIS);
• 6.5-7.5 km al NE de Cuautitlan, 2 km al SE de Cuzalapa, alt. 660 m, 26 Jul 1989, D.De Niz, L.Robles, & A.L.Cárdenas 60 (WIS);
• about 2 km N of Puerto Vallarta, 13 Nov 1963, C.Feddema 2540 (MICH, MO);
• Chamela, Estación Biológica, alt. 50 m, 23 Mar 1991, A.Gentry 73499 (MO);
• Mpio. La Huerta, Rancho Cuixmala, 13 May 1991, E.J.Lott, A.Sanders, B.Phillips, T.Daniels & M.Ayala 3512 (MICH, MO);
• El Cañón, a 2 km al NW de la hacienda San Antonio, alt. 1190 m, 8 Feb 1992, L.Rico & E.Martínez 995 (MEXU);
• Mpio. La Huerta, Rancho Cuixmala, 14 Apr 1991, B.M.Rothschild, M.G.Ayala & S.Vázquez C. 153 (WIS);
• road from La Becerrera to San José del Carmen, alt. 1400 m, 30 Aug 1988, A.C.Sanders & G.Ballmer 600 (MO);

Michoacán:

• 6 miles NE Playa Azul, 7 Mar 1979, C.D.Johnson 652-79 (MO);
• 12-15 km N of Playa Azul, 26-27 Feb 1965, R.McVaugh 22590 (MICH);
• La Playa, 18 Jun 1950, B.L.Turner 1914 (MICH);

Nayarit:

• alrededores del banco de material Atonalisco, alt. 360 m, 6 Feb 1991, A.Benitez P. 3006 (MO);
• Islas Marias, 4 Dec 1986, F.Chiang C. & G.Flores F. 1194 (MICH, MO);
• 11 SE of Tepic, alt. 1600-1800 m, 24 Aug 1959, C.Feddema 938 (MO, NY);
• near Miramar, ca. 15 km SE of San Blas, 25 Aug 1959, C.Feddema 956 (MICH, MO);
• 10 miles E of San Blas, 28 Feb 1973, C.D.Johnson 248-73 (WIS);
• a 2 km del poblado de Penitas, alt. 300 m, 12 Mar 1991, R.Ramírez R. & C.Flores F. 813 (MICH, MO);
• 4 km S of intersection to Acaponeta, on hwy. 15, 25 Jun 1981, D.S.Seigler & P.M.Richardson 11793 (ILL);
• 4 km S of intersection to Acaponeta, on hwy. 15, 25 Jun 1981, D.S.Seigler & P.M.Richardson 11794 (ILL);
• a 6 km al WSW de Aquamilpa, camino Tepic-Aquamilpa, 6 Feb 1985, O.Téllez & P.Magana 8263 (MICH, MO);
• 1 km al S de la desviación a la Bahía de Sta. Cruz, 14 Jun 1986, R.Torres C. & O.Téllez 8391 (MO);

Oaxaca:

• 7 miles E of Temascal, 23 Jul 1964, D.H.Janzen 325 (MICH);
• 1 miles W of Temascal, 20 Jul 1964, D.H.Janzen 328 (MICH);
• 5 miles W of Tuxtepec on road to Mazin Grande, 20 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13531 (EIU, ILL);
• 3 miles N of Puerto Escondido, 29 May 1980, D.S.Seigler, P.M.Richardson & S.Thompson 11567 (ILL);
• Río Huatulco, a 25 km al E de Pochutla, 24 Jan 1977, M.Sousa, O.Téllez, A.S.Magallánes & A.Delgado 7594 (TEX);
• Río Cuajuanicuil, alt. 50 m, 24 Jan 1977, M.Sousa, O.Téllez, A.S.Magallánes & A.Delgado 7596 (TEX);
• along road to microwave tower about 3.6 miles S of Matatlán on hwy. 190, 22 Jul 1971, W.D.Stevens 1314 (LL, MICH);

Sinaloa:

• 7.5 miles NE of Villa Unión on road between Mazatlán and Durango, 2 Jan 1965, D.H.Janzen 707 (EIU, ILL);
• 7.5 miles NE of Villa Unión on road between Mazatlán and Durango, 2 Jan 1965, D.H.Janzen 710 (EIU);
• 7.5 miles NE of Villa Unión on road between Mazatlán and Durango, 2 Jan 1965, D.H.Janzen 711 (ILL);
• 23 miles Escuinape, 12 Jul 1968, C.D.Johnson 282-68 (MO);
• 2 miles SW of Panuco, 15 Aug 1970, C.D.Johnson 105A-70 (MO);
• 1 mile SE Rosario, 4 Mar 1979, C.D.Johnson 548-79 (MO);
• Isla de la Piedra, by Mazatlán, 4 Jan 1980, L.Kirkendall 104 (MICH);
• 6.1 miles NE of Concordia along hwy. 40, alt. 550 ft., 1 Jan 1984, A.C.Sanders, M.Guzy, V.Van Way, D.Charleton & B.McIntosh 4581 (NY);
• Mpio. de Rosario, camino de Herradura El Alamo-Cerro Yauco, 6 km al NE del Ejido de Lo de Ponce, alt. 158 m, 2 Dec. 1982, P.Tenorio, C.Romero & J.M.Aguilar 2840 (MO);

Veracruz:

• entre Mata Verde y Santa Rosa, alt. 40-50 m, 2 Jan 1976, M.Cházaro B. 490 (MO);
• a 4 km de Paso del Macho, Hacia Camarón, 12 Jul 1970, J.González 140 (F);
• Neveria carr. Tamarindo-Veracruz, 1 Sep 1981, C.Gutíerrez B. 1110 (MO);
• 10 miles SE of Conejos, 3 Jan 1964, D.H.Janzen 339 (EIU, MICH, US);
• 10 miles W of Jalapa, 10 Nov 1963, D.H.Janzen 358 (MICH);
• Cotaxtla Experimental Station, 11 Jun 1964, D.H.Janzen 732 (ILL);
• Cotaxtla Experimental Station, 11 Jun 1964, D.H.Janzen 733 (EIU, ILL);
• Cotaxtla Experimental Station, 11 Jun 1964, D.H.Janzen 734 (ILL);
• Cotaxtla Experimental Station, 11 Jun 1964, D.H.Janzen 735 (ILL);
• Cotaxtla Experimental Station, 11 Jun 1964, D.H.Janzen 739 (ILL);
• near Puente Nacional off hwy. 140, 30 Jun 1965, R.H.Maxwell 150 (MO);
• Camerón, Apr 1922, C.A.Purpus 8762 (UC, US):
• turnoff to Actopán from hwy. 140, 1 km N of road to Actopán, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12520 (EIU);
• 42 km SE of El Tamarindo, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12564 (EIU);
• 37 km E of Yanga on hwy. 150, 18 Nov 1985, D.S.Seigler & J.E.Ebinger 12600 (EIU);
• 16 miles N of Tierra Blanca on rt. 140, 21 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13551 (EIU, ILL);
• 16 miles N of Tierra Blanca on rt. 140, 21 May 1991, D.Seigler, J.Ebinger, H.Clarke & K.Readel 13559 (EIU, ILL);
• San Francisco, near Veracruz, 8 May 1894, C.L.Smith 1380 (NY);
• Canta Rana, alt. 310 m, 7 Jun 1971, F.Ventura A. 3647 (MICH);
• El Morro de La Mancha, 6 Mar 1971, G.Williams 31 (F);
• Carretera Cardel-Veracruz camino de terracerie que sale a la playa a 500 m antes de la caseta de cobro, alt. 20 m, 21 Sep 1987, P.Zamora C. 575 (MEXU);

PANAMA:

• Canal Zone Experimental Gardens, 5 Jun 1932, W. R. Lindsay 249 (NY);

SOUTH AMERICA:

CHILE:

Tarapacá:

• Iquique Prov., Matilla (near Pica, inland from Iquique), alt. 1210 m, 11 Feb 1989, J.Aronson 7745 (MO);
• Arica Prov., 4 km E of Codpa, in cultivated "chacras" in quebrada, alt. 1820 m, 13 Feb 1989, J.Aronson 7762 (EIU, MO);
• Pica, Matilla, alt. 1000 m, Sep 1925, E.Werdermann 748, 749 (F, GH, K, MO, NY, US);

COLOMBIA:

Atlántico:

• region of Barranquilla, Jul 1922, Bro.Elias 1331 (F);
• Espinares cerca de la laguna Sabanillita, 27 Aug 1932, A.Dugand G. 85 (F, US);
• En selva de transición, al sur de Juan Mina, 25 Feb 1936, A.Dugand G. 947 (US);
• orilla de la ciénaga de Luruaco, camino de Cartagena, 5 Apr 1936, A.Dugan G. 982 (F, US);
• Megua, May 1937, A.Dugand G. 1071 (F, US);
• Sabanagrande, Sep 1937, A.Dugand G. 1133 (F, US);
• Costa del Caribe, 13 Apr 1963, A.Dugand G. 6278 (US);
• alrededores de Galapa y Baranoa, 27 Jul 1943, A.Dugand & R.Jaramillo 3264 (CA, US);
• alrededores de Tubara, alt. 200 m, 17 Jul 1946, A.Dugand & R.Jaramillo 4048 (US);
• Mun. Juan de Acosta, cerca a arroyo Cascabel, 7 Apr 1989, O.Marulanda 926 (EIU, MO);

Bolívar:

• Barranquilla road, Cartagena, 1 Dec 1935, L.H.Bailey 295 (US);
• Mun. Carmen de Bolívar, via Carmern-Zambrano, 31 Jan 1987, H.Cuadros V. 3224 (MO);
• Mun. Cartagena, Corregimiento Punta Canoa, Loma Mogollón, alt. 30 m, 3 Feb 1987, H.Cuadros V. 3240 (MO);
• Mun. Santa Catalina, Loma Las Puas, via Arroyo Grande a Las Canoas, alt. 50 m, 4 Feb 1987, H.Cuadros V. 3281 (MO);
• Mun. Cartagena, Isla Tierrabomba, alt. 0-20 m, 4 Sep 1989, H.Cuadros V. 4358 (MO);
• Mun. Cartagena, Isla Baru, alt. 10 m, 21 Sep 1989, H.Cuadros V. 4483 (MO);
• Galerazamba, N tip of Bolívar, near sea level, 1 Jul 1984, A.Gentry & H.Cuadros 47447 (EIU, MO);
• 6 km E of Cartagena, alt. 20 m, 22 Jan 1945, M.L.Grant 10693 (US, WIS);
• vicinity of Cartagena, 1920, Bro.Heriberto 383 (US);
• Manga Island, Cartagena, sea level, 31 Oct 1926, E.P.Killip & A.C.Smith 14003 (NY, US);
• La Popa, near Cartagena, alt. 50-175 m, 2 Nov 1926, E.P.Killip & A.C.Smith 14090 (NY, US):
• Mun. de Cartagena, ca. 7 km SW of Arroyo Grande, alt. 70 m, 31 Jul 1985, J.L.Zarucchi & H.Cuadros 3891 (MO);
• Mun. de Cartagena, ca. 16 km SW of crossing of Canal del Dique at Pasacaballos, Isla Baru, 6 Aug 1985, J.L.Zarucchi & H.Cuadros 3943 (MO, US);

Cauca:

• Mun. Patia, alto Río Patia cerca del puente large en sequida del pueblo de Galíndez, alt. 530 m, 23 May 1986, F.A.Silverstone-Sopkin & N.Paz Z. 2231 (MO, NY);

César:

• via La Paz a Manaure, alt. 260-400 m, 26 Apr 1987, H.Cuadros & A.Gentry 3428 (EIU, MO) Cundinamarca:
• camino a Agua de Dios, 3 km de la Poblacion, alt. 480 m, Mar 1935, H.Garcia-Barriga 4808 (US);
• Cachipay, alt. 1000 m, 21 Oct 1983, C.D.Johnson 3071 (MO);
• 4 km N of Tocaima, alt. 1300 ft., 16 Aug 1984, C.D.Johnson 3479-84 (MO);
• 4 km SW of La Mesa, alt. 3200 ft., 17 Oct 1984, C.D.Johnson 3528-84 (MO);

Guajira:

• near Manantial cutoff, Mun. Barrancas, 22 Nov 1980, O.Arboleda, P.Bunch & J.Von Loh 0251 (MO);
• via Riohacha-Cuestecitas, km 15, alt. 50 m, 14 Nov 1985, H.Cuadros V. 2369 (MO);
• via Riohacha-Cuestecitas, km 15, alt. 50 m, 14 Nov 1985, H.Cuadros V. 2371 (MO);

Huila:

• about 5 km S of Potosí, alt. 1400 ft., 23 Dec 1944, E.L.Little, Jr. 9139 (GH, NY, US);
• Mun. de Villavieja, Quebrada Batea, 24 May 1985, F.Llanos H. 532 (MO);
• Mun. de Colombia, Vereda Cardo, alt. 620 m, 5 Dec 1987, F.Llanos H. & E.Hernández 1105 (MO);
• Mun. de Colombia, Vereda Carrasposo, 8 May 1989, F.Llanos H. & J.Camacho 1525 (MO);

Magdalena:

• Anapoima, no date, Bro.Ariste-Joseph s.n. (US);
• Parque Nacional, km 1-2 from Los Cocos, 24 May 1972, J.Daniel 364 (WIS);
• Tayrona National Park, alt. 50 m, 23 Aug 1986, A.Gentry & H.Cuadros 55476 (MO);
• S of Santa Marta, 5 Apr 1927, E.P.Killip & A.C.Smith 21093 (NY, US);
• 1 km E of Bonda,alt. 70 m, 21 Oct 1972, J.H.Kirkbride, Jr. 2490 (F);
• 2-3 km NW of Bonda, alt. 50-150 m, 3 Nov 1972, J.H.Kirkbride, Jr. 2653 (MO, US);
• Mun. de Santa Marta, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, 9 Sep 1976, G.Lozano & R.Schnetter 2701 (NY);
• entre Pivijay y Fundación, 11 Feb 1962, R.Romero-Castaneda 9233 (NY);
• Santa Marta, 1898-1901, H.H.Smith 41 (A, CA, F, G, K, LL, MICH, MO, NY, US);

Nariño:

• Mpio. de Taminango, km 84 carretera Panaméricana, Remolino, alt. 1000 m, 30 May 1984, O.de Benavides 4829 (NY);
• Mpio. de Buesaco, Orillas de Río Junambu, Trayecto Juanambu-El Tablon, alt. 1500 m, 30 May 1991, B.R.Ramírez P. 3713 (NY);

Tolima:

• between Piedras and Guataguicito, alt. 400 m, 1 Nov 1938, O.Haught 2408 (K, NY, US);

Valle:

• Mun. Tulua, Mateguadua, Jardín Botánico, Apr 1978, H.Cuadros V. 447 (MO);

ECUADOR:

Azuay:

• between Río Azogues and Gualaceo, alt. 7200-8000 ft., 26 Mar 1945, W.H.Camp 2317 (F, GH, K, NY, US);
• bridge over Río León, alt. 1885 m, 22 May 1971, B.MacBryde 342 (MO);
• at Río Minas, alt. 1320 m, 12 Jun 1971, B.MacBryde 442 (MO);
• along canyon of Río León, alt. 6200 ft., 3 Aug 1943, J.A.Steyermark 53725 (MO, F);
• about 1/4 mile N of bridge across Río León on Pan-American hwy., alt. 6400 ft., 2 Oct 1944. I.L.Wiggins 10834 (NY, US);
• about 1/4 mile N of bridge across Río León on Pan-American hwy., alt. 6400 ft., 2 Oct 1944. I.L.Wiggins 10835 (NY, US);

Carchi:

• 5 km SW of Mira along road to Río Chota valley bottom, alt. 1980 m, 7 Nov 1993, D.Neill, A.Asanza & L.Woodruff 10259 (EIU, MO);

Chimborazo:

• Cañon of the Río Chanchan, alt. 5000-7000 ft., 29-31 May 1945, W.H.Camp 3533 (F, G, GH, MO, NY, US);

El Oro:

• at Arenillas, 23 Jun 1943, E.L.Little, Jr. 6694 (F, MO, NY, US);

Esmeraldas:

• Esmeraldas, near airport, 6 May 1943, E.L.Little, Jr. 6425 (US);
• Esmeraldas, alt. 3 m, 6 Sep 1965, E.L.Little, Jr. & R.G.Dixon 21012 (NY, US);

Guayas:

• Island of Puna, 17 Dec 1939, E.Asplund 10118 (US);
• near Isidro Ayora, 12 Sep 1955, E.Asplund 17602 (G, K, LL, NY);
• near Guayaquil, 25-29 Jun 1960, C.W.Cotterman & W.L.Klawe E-10 (US);
• Capeira, km 12 Guayaquil to Daule, alt. 20-200 m, 21 Sep 1981, C.H.Dodson & P.M.Dodson 11442 (MO);
• Capeira, km 21, Guayaquil to Daule, alt. 20-200, 16 Feb 1982, C.H.Dodson & A.H.Gentry 12544 (MO);
• Guayaquil, 6 Jun 1943, E.L.Little, Jr. 6565 (US);
• between Guayaquil and Salinas, near sea level, 10-14 Dec 1934, Y.Mexía 6763 (F, K, US);
• Guayaquil, Jan 1928, L.Mille 68 (F);
• Sibambe, 9 Feb 1937, Rimbach 852 (F);
• vicinity of Durán, 5-8 Nov 1918, J.N.Rose & G.Rose 23585 (NY, US);
• Westlich Guayaquil, 4 Nov 1934, H.J.F.Schimpff 383 (A, G, MO);

Imbabura:

• Valle del Río Chota, Bosque seco Montano Bajo, alt. 1700-2000 m, 30 Jun 1989, C.Cerón 7165 (MO);
• Parroquia Ambuqui, alt. 1800 m, 8 Dec 1990, C.Cerón & M.Montesdeoca 12515 (MO);
• between Chota and Ambuqui, 19 Nov 1952, F.Fagerlind & G.Wibom 1313 (NY);
• valley of Río Chota, 4 km S of El Angel turnoff and 20 km S of Carchi limits on Panamerican hwy., alt. 1600 m, 21 Sep 1979, A.Gentry & G.Schupp 26318 (MO);
• Otavalo to Malchingui, alt. 2400-3000 m, 12 Aug 1923, A.S.Hitchcock 20837 (GH, NY, US);
• N of Salinas, alt. 1500 m, 21 Feb 1984, A.Juncosa 2212 (MO);
• carretera Ibarra-Tulcanm, a 15 km de Ibarra, Valle del Río Chota, alt. 1700 m, 19 Oct 1985, B.B.Larsen & J.Madsen 282 (MO);
• 4 km NW of Ibarra, alt. 1960 m, 29-30 Sep 1988, E.B.Madsen 84300 (MO);
• Hacienda El Pagyo, near Salinas, 24 Jun-1 Jul 1935, Y.Mexía 7373 (F);
• entre el Río Chota y el partidero de la carretera a El Angel, alt. 1500 m, 1 Jan 1963, L.E.Mora 2546 (US);
• 12 km by road N of Ibarra, alt. 6600 ft., 7 Aug 1978, G.L.Webster 23051 (MO);

Loja:

• Loja, alt. 2250 m, 3 Oct 1955, E.Asplund 17912 (NY);
• road from Loja to La Tuna, km 14-34, alt. 1600-2600 m, 21 Nov 1961, C.H.Dodson & L.B.Thien 1494 (MO);
• SW of Catamayo, alt. 1355 m, 10 Jul 1989, L.J.Dorr & I.Valdespino 6583 (MO, TEX, US);
• between Amaluza and El Lucero, alt. 1300-1500 m, 23 Oct 1988, E.Harling 25392 (F, US);
• Lucarqui on the Catacocha-Macara road, alt. 600 m, 12 Apr 1980, G.Harling & L.Andersson 18217 (MO, US);
• near Palmira, W of Villabamba, alt. 1500 m, 12 Jul 1977, J.Hart 781 (A);
• 15 km S of Catamoyo, alt. 1330 m, 24 Jan 1989, C.D.Johnson 4315-89 (EIU, MO);
• Catamayo Valley, E of La Toma/Catamayo, alt. 2200 m, 22 Nov 1988, E.B.Madsen & J.Madsen 84392 (MO);
• between Loja and Portovelo, 3-6 Oct 1918, J.N.Rose, A.Pachano & G.Rose 23334 (GH, NY, US);
• 8 km N of Zapotillo, alt. 350 m, 5 Aug 1975, A.Samaniego & F.A.Vivar 25 (US);
• Catacocha, 19 Apr 1944, M. Costa Solis 7992 (F);
• Villcabamba, alt. 1600 m, 6 Oct 1943, J.A.Steyermark 54362 (F, MO);
• near La Toma, alt. 4400 ft., 8 Oct 1944, I.L.Wiggins 10952 (MO, NY, US);

Manabi:

• road Santa Elena-Jipijapa, Río Pital, alt. 10 m, 26 Oct 1980, L.B.Holm-Nielsen, J.Jaramillo & F.Coello 27875 (MO);

Pichincha:

• Puente Guayllabamba, alt. 1900 m, 20 Aug 1939, E.Asplund 7222 (NY, US);
• Canton Quiyo, Puente del Pisque, via Guayllabamba-Tabacundo, alt. 2070 m, 15 Oct 1988, C.E.Ceron 5269 (MO);
• road Quito-Guayllabamba, alt. 2100 m, 31 Jan 1984, J.E.Madsen 50116 (MO);
• Guayllabamba, alt. 2000 m, 3 Sep 1989, P.Mena C69 (EIU);
• 5 km N of Cayambe, alt 7800 ft., 7 Aug 1978, G.L.Webster 23056 (MO);

Zamora-Chinchipe:

• S of Zumba, alt. 1400 m, 12 Oct 1988, E.B.Maadsen & G.Harling 84331 (MO);

FRENCH GUIANA:

• vicinity of Cayenne, 26 May 1921, W.E.Broadway 282 (GH, US);

GUYANA:

Guyana:

• W.Demerara, Parika backdam, alt. 0-10 m, 18 Aug 1993, T.W.Henkel, R.Williams & A.Ameer 2673 (US);

PERU:

Amazonas:

• along road between Bagua and Nazareth, valley of Río Marañón, alt. 430 m, 16 Apr 1984, T.B.Croat 58336 (ILL);
• Bagua Prov., Pongo Rentema, 3 Mar 1961, R.Ferreyra 14207 (MO);
• between Bagua Grande and the Río Marañón, alt. 600 m, 5 Oct 1964, P.C.Hutchison & J.K.Wright 6761 (F, MO, NY, US);
• 10 km S of Mayo, km 489 of Oleoducto nor Peruano, alt. 430-460 m, 4 Jun 1986, S.Knapp & P.Alcorn 7577 (EIU, MO);
• just above turnoff to Chachapoyas on Chachapoyas-Celendín road, alt. 1850 m, 26 May 1984, D.N.Smith & J.Cabanillas 7130 (EIU, MO);

Arequipa:

• Caraveli Prov., Lomas de Tacuiar, alt. 200-300 m, 19 Dec 1959, R.Ferreyra 13935 (MO);
• Tambo de Pariocota, alt. 3000 ft., 8 Oct 1922, Macbride & Featherstone 254 (F, US);
• Majes Valley, N of Arequipa, 12 Dec 1937, D.Stafford (F);

Cajamarca:

• Chirinos, alt. 550 m, 11 Mar 1998, J.Campos 4828 (MO);
• San Ignacio, alt. 600 m, 27 Jul 1997, J.Campos & E.Rodríguez 4320A (MO);
• 4 km W of Cochabamba, road to Huambos, alt. 1940 m, 9 Sep 1991, A.Gentry, C.Díaz & R.Ortíz 74606 (EIU, MO);
• entre San Juan y Chorobamba, alt. 1900 m, 28 Nov 1981, I.Sánchez Vega 2710 (F);
• Marañón River Valley, Chachapoyas-Cajamarca road, alt. 1900-2100 m, 28 May 1984, D.N.Smith & J.Cabanillas 7255 (EIU, MO);
• Condebamba valley, Cajabamba-Cajamarca road, alt. 2100-2600 m, 15 Feb 1983, D.N.Smith & R.Vásquez M. 3402 (MO);
• Río Marañón valley, Chachapoyas-Cajamarca road, 22 km from Balsas, alt. 2200 m, 5 Sep 1983, D.N.Smith & S.Vásquez S. 5057 (MO);
• entre San Juan y Chorobamba, km. 133, alt. 1900 m, 28 Nov 1981, I.Sánchez Vega 2710 (F, MO);
• alt. 600-700 m, 1906, A.Weberbauer 3798 (G);

Callao:

• San Lorenzo, Jul 1836, M.Gaudichaud s.n. (G):
• dry plains near Callao, 28 Dec 1906, C.S.Sargent 12 (A, US);
• dry plains near Callao, 28 Dec 1906, C.S.Sargent 28 (A, US);

Cusco:

• entre Cusco y Abancay, km 96-97, 20 Nov 1947, R. Ferreyra 2740 (MO);

Huánuco:

• Huánuco, 6 Sep 1940, E.Asplund 13485 (US);
• near Huánuco, alt. 1912 m, 3 Apr 1948, C.Ochoa 381 (US);
• Chulki, 20 Nov 1927, M.Sawada P-125 (F);

Ica:

• laguna Victoria, cerca a Ica, 2 Nov 1947, R.Ferreyra 2501 (MO);
• Pampa de Pisco, ca 20 km SSE of Pisco, alt. 400 m, H.H.Iltis, C.Iltis, D.Ugent & V.Ugent 413 (NY);
• 3 miles W of Nazca, alt. 900 m, 13 Dec 1962, H.H.Iltis, C.Iltis, D.Ugent & V.Ugent 413 (NY);

La Libertad:

• Plaza Pampa, Trujillo, alt. 1800 m, 26 Jul 1953, H.Cevasco s.n. (MO);
• Laguna, La Victoria, cerca a Ica, 2 Nov 1947, R.Ferreyra 2501 (US);
• near sea level, Trujillo, 8 Apr 1929, E.P.Killip & A.C.Smith 21519 (F, NY, US);
• Otuzco-Trujillo road, within 10 km of Otuzco, alt. 2680 m, 27 Aug 1982, D.Smith 2352 ((EIU, MO);
• Prov. Pacasmayo, Chepen, 30 Nov 1938, H.E.Stork & O.B.Horton 10011 (F, G);

Lambayeque:

• about 2.5 km E of Chiclayo, 4 Nov 1974, J.Hudson 969 (G, MO);
• km. 28 E of Olmos, Mesones-Muro hwy. between Olmos and Jaen, alt. 1150-1200 m, 8 Jan 1964, P.C.Hutchison & J.K.Wright 3478 (F, K, MICH, MO, NY, US);
• road from Olmos to Pucara, km 32 E of Olmos, alt. 1370 m, 11 Jul 1986, T.Plowman, A.Sagastegui A., J.Mostacero L., F.R.Mejia & F.Pelaez 14212 (F, MO, TEX);

Lima:

• vicinity of Lima, San Agustín, 28 Sep 1940, E.Asplund 13807 (G);
• Laguna de Villa, alt. 100 m, 14 May 1965, E.Carrillo 10 (US);
• cerca a Callapshu, Prov. Yauyos, alt. 1750 m, 30 Jan 1952, E.Cerrate 1302 (MO);
• Miraflores Parque, Prov. Lima, 3 Jun 1971, F.Encarnación 168 (MO);
• Parque de los Reyes Católicos, Prov. Lima, 21 Jul 1971, F.Encarnación E-188 (MO);
• Chocita, 40 km E of Lima in valley of Río Rimac, alt. 900 m, 1 Feb 1976, A.Gentry 16384 (MO);
• about 3 km E of Barranca, 12 Jun 1974, J.Hudson 1121 (ILL);
• San Gerónimo, alt. 500 ft., 19 Sep 1923, J.F.Macbride 5902 (F);
• Santa Eulalia, 40 km E of Lima, alt. 1100-1200 m, 10 Apr 1976, A.Gentry, J.Revilla & D.Daly 19140 (EIU, MO);
• Santa Eulalia road, few km N of Chosica and S of Huinca, alt. 1550 m, 7 Mar1982, A.Gentry & D.Smith 36095 (MO);
• Lima, carretera centr., km 66, 8 Jan 1967, J.J.Guillen 3222 (NY);
• about 3 km E of Barranca, 12 Jun 1974, J.Hudson 1121 (EIU, MO);
• San Gerónimo, Lima, alt. 500 ft., 19 Sep 1923, J.F.Macbride 5902 (US);
• Santa Eulalia river valley, Chosica, alt. 3000 ft., J.F.Macbride & Featherstone 498 (F, G, US);
• Chosica, alt. 2800 ft., 27 Dec 1905, C.S.Sargent 1 (A, US);
• road to Canta, km 74 near Yasao, alt. 1800-2500 m, 18 May 1981, G.Sullivan, K.Young, E.Eisenberg & D.Soejarto 959 (EIU, MO);
• Lima, Miraflores, alt. 20 m, 22 May 1979, H.Teppner 79-57 (US);

Moquegua:

• 7.5 km S of Moquegua, alt. 1710 m, 16 Feb 1989, J.Aronson 7781 (EIU);

Piura:

• Negritos, 25 Dec 1928, O.Haught 101 (F);
• Parinas Valley, 25 Dec 1928, O.Haught 212 (NY, US);

Tumbes:

• Bosque Nacional de Tumbes, N of Campo Verde, alt. 600-800 m, 23 Dec 1967, D.R.Simpson & J.Schunke V. 465 (NY, US);
• Mts. SE of Hacienda La Choza, Prov. Tumbez, 27-28 Feb 1927, A.Weberbauer 7730 (F);

TRINIDAD:

• 5 miles SW of San Fernando along the Southern Main road, sea level, 6 Aug1970, G.Davidse 2576 (ILL, MO);
• between Bonosse and Green Hill, 2 Jul 1973, D.Philcox, D.Wood & B.Kalloo 7450 (NY);

VENEZUELA:

Anzoátequi:

• Cuji, Guanta, H.M.Curran & M.Haman 1230 (A, G, US);
• Km 227 on Caracas-Barcelona hwy., 16 km E of Boca de Uchire, 4 Jul 1975, A.Gentry & P.Berry 14841 (MO);
• 22 km N of San Mateo, alt. 200 ft., 20 Feb 1985, C.D.Johnson 4119-85 (MO);
• 10 miles S of La Ceiba on hwy. 9, 9 Oct 1965, D.H.Janzen 780 (EIU);
• Cantaura, 5 May 1952, F.D.Smith 229 (US);

Aragua:

• San Juan de Los Morros, alt. 400 m, 3 Jan 1939, A.H.G.Alston 6047 (NY);
• hill directly behind University Central de Venezuela Maracay, alt. 450-500 m, 8 Feb 1973, T.B.Croat 21327 (F, LL, MO);
• Maracay, 11 Jun 1967, G.Ferrari 163 (MO);
• carretera Ocumare de la Costa-Cata, 2 Oct 1968, G.Ferrari 463 (MO);
• E of San Sebastían, 14 May 1964, F.R.Fosberg 45216 (US);
• La Trinidad de Maracay, alt. 440 m, Jan-Feb 1913, H.Pittier 5764 (US);
• 2 km SE of Maracay on road to Guigue, 5 Nov 1943, V.E.Rudd 295 (US);
• seashore at Ocumare de la Costa, alt. 0-15 m, 9 Dec 1943, J.A.Steyermark 54944 (F, MO);
• road between Ocumare and Cata, km 55, 27 Dec 1975, C.W.Wood 425 (ASU);

Bolívar:

• Dist. Peaz, Laguna Larga, 340 m alt., Jul 1978, F.Delascio C. & R.Liesner 6913 (MO);
• Dist. Piar, La Vigia, 7 km al Oeste de El Manteco, alt. 240-250 m, Jul 1978, F.Delascio C. & R.Liesner 6931 (MO);
• Dist. Piar, Paviche, alt. 215 m, Jul 1978, F.Delascio C. & R.Liesner 7171 (MO);
• 22 km SW of Upata, 30 Jul 1984, C.D.Johnson 3414-84 (MO, TEX);
• Dist. Roscio, a aprox. 40 km al N de Tumeremo, alt. 250 m, 8 May 1986, O.Huber 11646 (MO);

Carabobo:

• 32 km N of Valencia, 10 Jul 1982, C.D.Johnson 2393-82 (MO);
• 3 km W of Puento Cabello, 19 Jan 1985, C.D.Johnson 3694-85 (MO);
• vic. of Las Trincheras, near Valencia, alt. 200-400 m, 30 Dec 1917, H.Pittier 7643 (G, US);
• hacienda de Cura, near San Joaquín, alt. 480-1200 m, 5-8 Jul 1918, H.Pittier 7903 (G, US);

Falcón:

• Peninsula Paraguana, Cerro Santa Ana, alt. 500 m, 14 Dec 1964, F.J.Breteler 4280 (F, MO, NY, US);
• Guaibacoa, 18 Sep 1983, C.D.Johnson 2820 (MO);
• 25 km E of Churuguara, alt. 2200 ft., C.D.Johnson 3366-84 (MO, US);
• 22 km SSE of Puerto Cumarebo, alt. 200 m, 9 Aug 1978, R.Liesner & A.González 6052 (MO);
• Cucaire, Sierra de San Luis, alt. 1000 m, 20 Jun 1979, R.Liesner, A.González & R.Wingfield 7659 (MO);
• Cerro Santa Ana, alt. 200-300 m, 24 Jan 1966, J.A.Steyermark & A.Braun 94592 (US);
• Dist. Colina, Río Ricoa, alt. 200 m, 11 Feb 1977, J.A.Steyermark & A.Gonzáles 113614 (F, MO);

Federal:

• Escaso, Tacagua, May 1953, L.Aristeguieta 1720 (US);
• slopes of Caracas Botanical Garden, alt. 900-950 m, 1 Jul 1974, P.E.Berry 206 (MO);
• reforested hills of the Caracas Botanical Garden, alt. 870-980 m, 24 Sep 1974, P.E.Berry 257 (MO);
• Peak of the Gran Roque, 10 Dec 1978, C.Burandt, Jr. & J.C.Gantaume V0490 (MO);
• Jardín Botánico de Caracas, alt. 980 m, 17 Jul 1990, M.G.Gómez 12 (MO);
• Colinas de Bello Monte, alt. 1100 m, 26 Jun 1982, A.Castillo 1481 (MO);
• along Río Las Caracas above town of Las Caracas, 11 Feb 1973, T.B.Croat 21603 (EIU, MO);
• Caracas, Jan 1844, H.Funck 409 (G);
• just W of Naiguata, 2 Jul 1975, A.Gentry & P.Berry 14737 (EIU, ILL, MO);
• 42 km SW of Caracas, 11 Jul 1984, C.D.Johnson 3340-84 (MO);
• limestone ridge above National Herbarium, Caracas, 7 Aug 1983, R.Karl 70649 (MO, NY);
• 10 km N of Caracas, 19 Aug 1974, A.Lasseigne 4439 (F, NY, US);
• Caracas Jardín Botánico, 500 m alt., 24 Jun 1978, R.Liesner 5301 (MO);
• Caracas, Jardín Botánico, alt. 900 m, 5 Apr 1982, R.Liesner 13382 (MO);
• Lower Cotiza, near Caraacas, alt. 800-1200 m, 17 Jun 1917, H.Pittier 7246 (G, US);
• Lower Cotiza, near Caracas, 19 Sept 1917, H.Pittier 7393 (G, US);
• Lower Cotiza, near Caracas, alt. 800-1200 m, Mar 1918, H.Pittier 7759 (G, US);
• Caracas, in park, Jul 1924, H.Pittier 11534 (A, NY, US);
• Umgebung von Maracay und Caracas, 1930-1934, P.von Vogal 545 (NY);
• Antimano, alt. 950 m, 20 Sep 1939, L.Williams 11185 (F);
• Camuri delta where Río Camuri flows into the Caribbean, 29 Oct 1975, C.W.Wood 329 (ASU);

Guárico:

• 14 km SE of Valle de la Pascua along hwy. 15;
• alt. 100 m, 25 Nov 1973, G.Davidse 4496 (EIU, ILL, MO);
• 15 km SW of Tamaco along main hwy. between Altagracia de Orituco and Chaguaramas, alt. 150 m, 19 Nov 1973, G.Davidse 4216 (EIU, MO);
• 16 km W of Chaguaramas, alt. 700 ft., 9 Feb 1985, C.D.Johnson 3959-85 (MO);
• Valle de la Pascua, 6 Mar 1989, C.D.Johnson 4636-89 (EIU, MO);
• Río Orituco, 27 Aug 1982, N.Ramírez 610 (MO);
• Dist. Mongas, entre San Antonio de Tamanaco y el Río Tamanaco, alt. 100 m, 17 Dec 1960, L.R.Terán 384 (MO);

Lara:

• 2 km al NE de Barquisimeto, 18 Nov 1978, G.Agostini & T.de Agostini 2612 (MO);
• Dist. Morán, vic. of San José de Potrerito, alt. 800 m, 29 Oct 1982, G.Davidse & A.C.González 21376 (EIU, MO);
• 5 km E of Barquisimeto, 2 Jul 1982, C.D.Johnson 2408-82 (MO);
• 47 km W of Barquisimeto, alt. 2200 ft., 21 Jan 1985, C.D.Johnson 3714-85 (MO);
• around Barquisimeto, alt. 600 m, 29 Jun 1913, H.Pittier 6393 (NY, US);
• Dist. Palavecino, alt. 500-900 m, 5-10 Aug 1970, J.A.Steyermark, F.Delascio & E.Dunsterville 103665 (NY, TEX);

Mérida:

• Vallee du Río Chama, alt. 1100 m, 4-10 Oct 1952, H.Humbert 26555 (US);
• Ranchería, Ejido, alt. 1200 m, Jul 1956, Tamayo 4200 (US);
• Carretera Ejido los Guaimaros, 6 May 1984, L.Valverde & J.Molina 126 (NY);

Miranda:

• Valle de Caracas, alt. 1100 m, 13 Mar 1984, Y.Bastidas & J.L.Pérez 69 (MO);
• Dist. Brion, alt. 30 m, 27-28 May 1981, P.E.Berry, A.Hernández & D.Fernández 3745 (MO);
• between Guarenas and Guatire, 4 Feb 1927, H.E.Box 14 (NY);
• Tovar, 1854-55, A.Fendler 362 (K, MO);
• Cua, 7 Feb 1989, C.D.Johnson 4384-89 (EIU, ILL);
• near Los Teques, Hacienda Ocampo, alt. 450 m, Feb 1943, T.Lasser 696a (US);
• 12 km E of Cupira, alt. 0-100 m, 4 Mar 1980, R.Liesner & A.González 9156 (MO);
• Colinas de Tamanaco, alt. 1000 m, 2 Sep 1979, M.Nee 18000 (F);
• Paparo, at the mouth of Río Grande del Tuy, Barlovento, near sea level, 11-16 Jun 1913, H.Pittier 6340 (F, NY, US);
• Mun. Araguita, Parque Nacional Guatopo, 3 Nov 1981, S.Yssa 013 (MO);
• Escuela de Biología Arboretum, alt. 1100 m, 11 Aug 1987, M.C.Vidal 05 (MO);

Monagas:

• 10 km WSW of Jusepín, alt. 140 m, 23 Mar 1967, R.A.Pursell, C.L.Curry & P.R.Kremer 8510 (NY, US);
• between Aragua de Maturín and Qda. Seca, alt. 250-340 m, 18 May 1967, R.A.Pursell, C.L.Curry & P.R.Kremer 8897 (NY, US);
• W of Jusepín, on hwy. 13, near Río Huarapiche, 28 Apr 1979, D.S.Seigler 11111 (EIU, ILL);
• Jusepín, 23 May 1979, D.S.Seigler 11271 (ILL);
• Guanaguana, 7 May 1979, D.Seigler, A.Larez, J.Mayz & O.Cediño 11200 (EIU, ILL);

Nueva Esparta:

• Porlamar y El Valle, Isla de Margarita, 13 Aug 1982, L.C.de Guevara & M.Peña 3189 (F);
• El Valle, Island of Margarita, 15 Jul 1903, J.R.Johnston 28 (F, NY);
• El Valle, Island of Margarita, 8 Feb 1901, O.O.Miller & J.R.Johnston 114 (F, MO, NY, MINN, US);

Sucre:

• Peninsula de Paria, Macuro, 6 Apr 1944, J.S.Beard 256 (A);
• 4 mi SE of Cumaná, 3 Oct 1965, D.H.Janzen 781 (EIU);
• Cumaná, 10 Oct 1965, D.H.Janzen 782 (EIU);
• 15 mi SE of Cumaná, 3 Oct 1965, D.H.Janzen 783 (EIU);
• 19 km S of Cumaná, 6 Aug 1984, C.D.Johnson 3446-84 (MO, US);
• Peninsula de Araya, 20 km NW of Cariaco, alt, 0-100 m, 17-18 May 1981, R.Liesner & A.González 12000 (MO);
• Lago Guanota, 14 May 1979, D.Seigler & J.Pereira 11221 (EIU, ILL);
• valley of Cocollar, alt. 820 m, 28 Apr 1945, J.A.Steyermark 62351 (F, MO);

Zulia:

• 12 km E of Lagunillas, 19 Jul 1984, C.D.Johnson 3376-84 (MO);
• along hwy. 17 between Maracaibo and Barquisimeto at Km 108, 1 km W of Palmito, alt. 375 m, 15 Mar 1993, T.B.Croat 74741 (MO, WIS);
  

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